S Berde, T Lodha, SS Dagar, PK Dhakephalkar, and KB Bhushan

The clean energy transition is rapidly moving forward in India, particularly with hydrogen, which is emerging as a success story in national and scientific news. New hydrogen vehicles are officially on the road, with significant advances in laboratory research on hydrogen production, storage and transportation. The country has initiated a critical transition to achieve a sustainable carbon-neutral energy economy. Hydrogen fuel is widely regarded as the fuel of the future, having the distinct advantage of producing only water when used as a fuel. As water is emitted on its combustion, hydrogen is one of the cleanest energy sources. At present, 96% of hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels which is grey/blue hydrogen, while only 4% is produced through a green process, primarily via the electrolysis of water. As there is a huge amount of underutilised resources available in India in the form of biomass and wastewater, the trends are shifting to green and bio-based hydrogen. Biohydrogen is biologically produced from organic wastes using microbial fermentation or biomass gasification and related processes, and is emerging as a key role in India’s strategy for decarbonising energy in transport and sustainable waste management. 

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