AD Diwan, SN Harke & Archana N Panche

In medical science, animal models were often used earlier to discover drugs and study the impact on the treatment of various disorders/diseases in humans. However, such models have provided insight into and the mechanisms of action of the drugs to a limited extent when applied in humans, and therefore, in the development of disease-targeted medicines, particularly in severe and chronic disorders, precise treatment could not be achieved. Moreover, the side effects of the drugs were another challenge in such therapies. Now, the use of animal models has been restricted in the recent past in many countries; hence, the scientific community has always been looking for new methods for testing drugs without using animals. Several workers are also using the single-cell model to test the impact of various bioagents and synthetic chemicals on cell behaviour and physiology, but such models also will not help in predicting the same impact on the animal’s body system. In recent years, organoids and organ-on-chip technology have gained significant attention worldwide because of the advancement of research in tissue engineering technology…read more on NOPR